DRI / DIRECTORY / FARNAZ HOSSEINPOUR
Farnaz Hosseinpour Profile Photo
Dr. Farnaz Hosseinpour
Assistant Research Professor, Atmospheric Science
Phone 
775-673-7458
E-Mail 
Farnaz.Hosseinpour@dri.edu
Campus 
Reno Campus
Division 
Atmospheric Sciences

Professional Interests

Dr. Hosseinpour is Assistant Research Professor at the Desert Research Institute andDirector of the Statistical data analysis and Modeling of Atmosphere for Research and AI Technology (SMART) Lab. She has broad research areas on aerosol-cloud interactions and their impacts on climate, radiation and precipitation; extreme weather; and prediction of wildfire emissions and transport. She has more than 12 years of experience analyzing satellite remotely sensed observations and used various statistical techniques, including machine learning techniques, regional and global climate models, and air quality models. Dr. Hosseinpour is theAssociate Director of NV NASA EPSCoR/Space Grant ConsortiumandAssociate Director of the Atmospheric Science Graduate Program, at the University of Nevada-Reno. She developed and taught several graduate-level courses, including Satellite Remote Sensing and Graduate Seminar courses.

Education

Degree Year Institute Area
Postdoctoral 2017-2019 Desert Research Institute Atmospheric Sciences
Ph.D. GPA: 4.0 2017 University of Nevada, Reno Atmospheric Sciences

Research Areas:

Extreme weather, aerosol-cloud interactions, particularly dust and smoke and their impacts on radiation, climate and precipitation, air quality, wildfires, fire emissions, climate variability

Technical Skills:

Remote Sensing, Machine Learning, AI, Statistics, Big Data, Climate Dynamics, Regional and Global Climate Models

Keywords

Statistics, Machine learning, AI, Satellite, Remote sensing, Data analysis, Climate modeling, Aerosol-Cloud Interactions, Smoke, Dust, Aerosols, Wildfire, Fire, Emission, Prediction, Forecast, Air pollution, Air quality, Extreme weather, Climate variability, Climate change, Atmospheric Science, Atmospheric River, Computation, Visualization, Numerical modeling, Climate dynamics, Radiation, Biomass burning, Jetstream, Storm track, Wave, Energy, Storm, Precipitation, Atmospheric rivers, NAO, MJO, ENSO, CESM, WRF, CMAQ, SMOKE, MODIS, TRMM, GPM, SeaWiFS, CALIPSO, MERRA, NCEP, GFS, CANSAC, C, C++, Python, MATLAB, FORTRAN, STEM

 

Publications
2024
Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M. (2024). A New Look into the Impacts of Dust Radiative Forcing on the Energetics of Tropical Easterly Waves, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 24 (1), 707-724, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-707-2024

Hosseinpour, F. E. (2024). Akinsanola, A. A., Adebiyi, A. A. (Eds.) Chapter 3: Impacts of dust aerosols on the climate of the tropical Atlantic.. In Akinsanola, A. A., Adebiyi, A. A. (Eds.), Aerosols and Precipitation Over Africa: Progress, Challenges, and Prospects, 7. Elsevier

Mehdizadeh, G., Erfani, E., McDonough, F., Hosseinpour, F. E. (2024). Quantifying the Influence of Cloud Seeding on Ice Particle Growth and Snowfall Through Idealized Microphysical Modeling. preprints, https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202410.2154.v1

2023
Hosseinpour, F. E., Kumar, N., Tran, T., Knipping, E. (2023). Using Machine Learning to improve the Estimate of U.S. Background Ozone, Atmospheric Environment, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.120145

Brown, T. J., Podnar, D., McCurdy, G. D., Hosseinpour, F. E., Callahan, J. S. (2023). National FCAMMS 2, 7 pp., USFS Annual Performance Report, March 2023.

Hosseinpour, F. E., Chang, C. (2023). Relationships between Aerosols and Marine Clouds during the “Godzilla” Dust Storm: Perspective of Satellite and Reanalysis Products, MDPI, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15010013

Hosseinpour, F. E., Kumar, N., Tran, T., Knipping, E. (2023). Using Data Fusion to Estimate Background Ozone in Urban Areas in the United States, The Magazine for Environmental Managers, 2023 (12), 11-15, https://www.awma.org/empastissues

Hosseinpour, F. E., Brown, T. J. (2023). Gridded Wind Climatology Project – Gridded hourly wind climatology products from 1985 to 2022 over CONUS, Delivered to High Plains Regional Climate Center (HPRCC)/ University of Nebraska-Lincoln, https://hprcc.unl.edu/windclim/

Hosseinpour, F. E., Brown, T. J. (2023). Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) Project- Extending Humidity and Vegetation Condition Datasets Back in Time to Support Climate-scale Wildfire Prediction, Delivered to NOAA

2022
Hosseinpour, F. E., Brown, T. J. (2022). Development of hourly and 6-hourly multi-level smoke concentration and visibility rating with 18- and 48-hour forecast lead time for Western US region in png, kmz, and geotiff formats calculated based on NOAA-HRRR data (available in fire seasons), https://cansac.dri.edu/HRRR.php

Hosseinpour, F. E., Brown, T. J. (2022). Development of the hourly dispersion variables, including mixing height, transport wind, turner stability, dispersion index, and low visibility index with 384- and 72-hour forecast lead time for contiguous U.S. region in png format calculated based on GFS and NAM data (available during fire seasons), https://met.wildlandfiresmoke.net/smoke/

Hosseinpour, F. E., Brown, T. J. (2022). Development of the hourly meteorological variables including min/max temperature, min/max relative humidity, accumulated precipitation with 384-hour forecast lead time for contiguous US region in geotiff format calculated based on GFS data. Data delivered to USFS.

Hosseinpour, F. E., Kumar, N. (2022). Estimating Background Ozone Using Data Fusion, Final report delivered to Electric Power Research Institute

Hosseinpour, F. E., Zare Harofteh, A., Brown, T. J., Kumar, N., Huang, S., Kramer, S. (2022). Development of Smoke Transport Probability and Risk Interactive Map from Trajectories and Climatology Analysis of 2-km CANSAC-Reanalysis Database, report to Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE), 8 pp

Hosseinpour, F. E., Tran, T., Kumar, N. (2022). Modeling and Source Attribution of ozone in southeastern New Mexico, Final report to New Mexico Environment Department, 21

Hosseinpour, F. E., Tran, T., Kumar, N. (2022). Modeling and Source Attribution of ozone in southeastern New Mexico, Report to New Mexico Environment Department, 39

Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M. (2022). Sierra Nevada Extreme Weather: A Novel Investigation of the Energetics of Atmospheric Rivers, Final report to NASA EPSCOR, 10

2020
Mitchell, D. L., Mejia, J. F., Garnier, A., Tomii, Y., Krämer, M., Hosseinpour, F. E. (2020). An Estimate of Global, Regional and Seasonal Cirrus Cloud Radiative Effects Contributed by Homogeneous Ice Nucleation, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., Preprint. 10.5194/acp-2020-846

2014
Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M. (2014). Aerosol interactions with African/Atlantic climate dynamics, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 075004, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/7/075004

2013
Chakrabarty, R. K., Arnold, I. J., Francisco, D. M., Hatchett, B. J., Hosseinpour, F. E., Loria Salazar, S. M., Pokharel, A. K., Woody, B. M. (2013). Black and brown carbon fractal aggregates from combustion of two fuels widely used in Asian rituals, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 122, 25-30

Conference Proceedings
2024
Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M. (2024). The Influence of Dust Radiative Effects on the Energetics of Tropical Easterly Waves. American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting: Baltimore, MD, January 28, 2024-February 2, 2024

Mehdizadeh, G., Hosseinpour, F. E., Nia, M., Barjeste Vaezi, R., Erfani, E., McDonough, F. (2024). Cloud Seeding Effects on Snowfall: Insights from Microphysical Model and Satellite Remote Sensing. American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting: Baltimore, MD, January 28, 2024-February 1, 2024, http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.36071.83369/1

Nia, M., Mehdizadeh, G., Barjeste Vaezi, R., Erfani, E., Hosseinpour, F. E. (2024). Predictive Modeling in Environmental Science with Machine Learning Algorithms. American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting: Baltimore, MD, January 28, 2024-February 1, 2024, http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18875.18729/2

Huang, S., Kramer, S., Hosseinpour, F. E., Zare Harofteh, A., Besong-Cowan, K., Scarborough, C., Brown, T. J., Kumar, N. (2024). Smoke Transport and Fire Weather Climatology Dashboard for California. The 104th AMS Annual Meeting: Baltimore, Maryland, January 28, 2024-February 1, 2024

Barjeste Vaezi, R., Mehdizadeh, G., Nia, M., Hosseinpour, F. E. (2024). Machine Learning Approach for Enhanced Understanding of California’s Wildfire Smoke. American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting: Baltimore, MD, January 28, 2024-February 1, 2024, http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23069.49120

Zare Harofteh, A., Huang, S., Kramer, S., Hosseinpour, F. E., Besong, K., Scarborough, C., Kumar, N., Brown, T. J. (2024). SmokePath Explorer: A Decision-Support Tool for Prescribed Fire Planning and Wildfire Response. 23rd Annual CMAS Conference 2023: Chapel Hill, NC, October 21, 2024-October 24, 2024

2023
Hosseinpour, F. E., Brown, T. J., Larki, S., Lahm, P. (2023). Assessment of seasonal Fire Emissions and predictions in California and Nevada. 103rd American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting: Denver, CO, January 11, 2023, (Talk)

Chang, C., Hosseinpour, F. E. (2023). Untangling Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions using Machine-Learning Algorithms. 15th Symposium on Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interaction,103rd American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting: Denver, CO, January 9, 2023

Mehdizadeh, G., Hosseinpour, F. E., McDonough, F. (2023). Effects of Cloud Seeding on Climate using Machine Learning Techniques, DAS ATMS Science Talk. Desert Research Institute: Reno, NV, February 24, 2023

Chang, C., Hosseinpour, F. E. (2023). Application of Machine Learning for Further Understanding of Aerosol-Cloud interactions, DAS ATMS Science Talk. Desert Research Institute: Reno, NV, February 24, 2023

Chang, C., Hosseinpour, F. E. (2023). Untangling Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions using Machine-Learning Algorithms. 103rd American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting: Denver, CO, January 9, 2023

Hosseinpour, F. E., Brown, T. J. (2023). Developing sub-seasonal to seasonal vegetation greenness outlooks. American Meteorological Society 14th Symposium on Forest and Fire Meteorology: Minneapolis, MN, May 2, 2023-May 4, 2023

Hosseinpour, F. E., Brown, T. J. (2023). Developing sub-seasonal to seasonal vegetation greenness outlooks. American Meteorological Society 14th Symposium on Forest and Fire Meteorology: Minneapolis, MN, May 2, 2023-May 4, 2023

Wilcox, E.M., Giordano, M. E., Hosseinpour, F. E., Wang, J., Chutia, L., Pistone, K. (2023). Quantifying impacts of light-absorbing aerosols on atmospheric temperature and circulation. NASA MODIS Science Team Meeting: College Park, MD, May 1, 2023-May 4, 2023

Mehdizadeh, G., Hosseinpour, F. E., McDonough, F. (2023). Aerosol-Cloud Interactions During Cloud Seeding. Nevada NASA Programs Statewide Meeting: Carson City, NV, April 28, 2023, http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.16545.38248

Mehdizadeh, G., Hosseinpour, F. E., McDonough, F. (2023). Aerosol-Cloud Interactions and their Impacts on Climate During Cloud Seeding. DRI Poster Competition. Desert Research Institute: Reno, NV, April 7, 2023, http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10987.92965

Hosseinpour, F. E., Tran, T., Knipping, E., Kumar, N. (2023). Using Machine Learning to Improve the Estimate of U.S. Background Ozone. 39th International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application (ITM): Chapel Hill, NC, May 26, 2023

Hosseinpour, F. E., Zare Harofteh, A., Kumar, N., Brown, T. J., Huang, S., Huang, S., Kramer, S., Besong, K., Besong, K. (2023). Advancing Smoke Management and Wildfire Mitigation through Probability-Based Smoke Transport Analysis. 22nd Annual CMAS Conference 2023: Chapel Hill, NC, October 16, 2023-October 18, 2023

Vaezi, B. R., Hosseinpour, F. E. (2023). Predictability of Wildfire Emissions and Transport in the Western US. Truckee Meadows Community College (TMCC): Reno, NV, September 19, 2023

Vaezi, B. R., Hosseinpour, F. E. (2023). Wildfire Emissions and Predictions in the Western US. Reno Rotary Club: Reno, NV, September 25, 2023

Vaezi, B. R., Hosseinpour, F. E. (2023). Investigating Emission and Smoke Transport of Wildfires in the Western US. Truckee Meadows Community College (TMCC): Reno, NV, October 18, 2023

Vaezi, B. R., Hosseinpour, F. E. (2023). Investigating the Relationships between Wildfires and Regional Climate in the Western U.S.. Division of Atmospheric Sciences Graduate Students Science Talks, Desert Research Institute: Reno, NV, October 24, 2023

Mehdizadeh, G., Hosseinpour, F. E., McDonough, F., Erfani, E. (2023). Studying the Mechanistic Impacts of Cloud Seeding on Snowfall with Insights from a Cloud Microphysical Model. Graduate poster symposium: Reno, NV, http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17127.42408

2022
Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M. (2022). A Novel Investigation of the Energetics of Atmospheric Rivers. 35th Conference on Climate Variability and Change, 102nd American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting: Houston, TX, January 26, 2022

Chang, C., Atkinson, C., Axelrod, K., Bahdanovich, P., Ross, S., Xia, S., Hosseinpour, F. E. (2022). Aerosol?Cloud Interactions over the Tropical Atlantic Ocean. Atmospheric Chemistry, Aerosols, and Air Quality Session, 102nd American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting: Houston, TX, January 23, 2022

Khatri, A., Hosseinpour, F. E. (2022). Developing Deep Learning Methods For Prediction Of Pollutant Concentration. AI and Machine Learning Session, 102nd American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting: Houston, TX, January 23, 2022

Moosmüller, H., Hosseinpour, F. E., Fenstermaker, L.F., Wilcox, E.M. (2022). NASA funding opportunities and RFP Process. DRI Lunch and Learn, Desert Research Institute: Reno & Las Vegas, Nevada, April 20, 2022, Invited

Billmire, M., French, N., Brown, T. J., Hosseinpour, F. E., Tavasoli, O., Kletter, W. (2022). Long-term climate change impacts on fire occurrence in California. Fire & Climate 2022: International Association of Wildland Fire, Pasadena: Pasadena, CA, May 26, 2022, (Talk)

2021
Saftner, D. M., Hosseinpour, F. E., Fenstermaker, L.F., Moosmüller, H., Wilcox, E.M. (2021). NASA Proposal Writing Workshop. NV Space Grant and NASA EPSCoR Statewide Virtual Meeting: Reno and Las Vegas, NV, April 30, 2021

Saftner, D. M., Sion, B., Hosseinpour, F. E., Fenstermaker, L.F., Moosmüller, H., Wilcox, E.M. (2021). NASA Proposal Writing Workshop. Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE) Webinar: Reno and Las Vegas, NV, February 18, 2021

2020
Tomii, Y., Hosseinpour, F. E., Mejia, J. F., Mitchell, D. L. (2020). An evaluation of cirrus cloud thinning through improved integration of satellite retrievals and climate modeling. American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting (100th anniversary): Boston, MA, January 12, 2020-January 17, 2020

Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M. (2020). Dust-Induced Changes on Energy and Activity of Atmospheric Waves Using a Global Climate Model. 100th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting: Boston, MA, January 16, 2020

Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M. (2020). A New Look: Atmospheric Rivers from an Energy Perspective. Virtual Symposium by the International Atmospheric Rivers Conference (IARC) Community: [Virtual], October 5, 2020, Talk.

Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M. (2020). The influence of Saharan Dust Radiative Forcing on Wave Activity over the Tropical Atlantic Ocean. American Geophysical Union (AGU) Annual Meeting: [Virtual], December 2, 2020, Talk.

Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M. (2020). A New Look to Atmospheric Rivers from an Energy Perspective. International Atmospheric Rivers Conference (IARC) Community: [Virtual], October 5, 2020, Talk.

Hosseinpour, F. E., Brown, T. J., Larki, N. K., Lahm, P. W. (2020). Air Quality During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Novel Development of Wildfire Smoke Emission Forecasts from an Early Warning System. American Geophysical Union (AGU) Annual Meeting: [Virtual], December 2, 2020

Mitchell, D. L., Mejia, J. F., Tomii, Y., Hosseinpour, F. E. (2020). Combining measurements by satellite and aircraft with climate modeling to evaluate the efficacy of cirrus cloud thinning. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting: [Virtual]

2019
Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M., Colarco, P. R. (2019). Energetics of the African Easterly Waves Coupled to Saharan Dust Radiative Heating: A New Look to Variability of Tropical Atlantic Storm Tracks. American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting: Phoenix, AZ, January 6, 2019-January 10, 2019

Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M. (2019). Large-Scale Impacts of Dust on Weather and Climate. Dust Seminar, Desert Research Institute, June 4, 2019

Mitchell, D. L., Mejia, J. F., Tomii, Y., Hosseinpour, F. E. (2019). Evaluating cirrus cloud thinning using CALIPSO retrievals and the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model v. 6. Invited presentation, Geoengineering Modeling Research Consortium (GMRC), Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS): Cambridge, MA, September 30, 2019

2018
Mitchell, D. L., Mejia, J. F., Garnier, A., Hosseinpour, F. E. (2018). Comparing standard CAM5 against “CALIPSO Cirrus CAM5” and the need for a better cirrus cloud parameterization. CESM Atmosphere Model Working Group (AMWG) Annual Meeting, National Center for Atmospheric Research: Boulder, CO, February 12, 2018-February 14, 2018

Mitchell, D. L., Mejia, J. F., Garnier, A., Hosseinpour, F. E. (2018). Can changes in cirrus cloud ice nucleation affect the jet stream and storm track?. Atmospheric Radiation Conference, American Meteorological Society: Vancouver, BC, Canada, July 9, 2018-July 13, 2018

Mitchell, D. L., Mejia, J. F., Garnier, A., Hosseinpour, F. E. (2018). On the Potential Role of Arctic Cirrus Clouds in Predicting Anomalous Mid-Latitude Weather and Climate. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting: Washington, DC, December 10, 2018-December 14, 2018

2017
Mitchell, D. L., Mejia, J. F., Garnier, A., Hosseinpour, F. E., Avery, M. A. (2017). A potential regulation of jet stream behavior by changes in Arctic cirrus cloud formation mechanism and coverage. Session Proposal: A54G The Dynamics of the Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation in Present and Future Climates: Jet Streams, Storm Tracks, Stationary Waves, and Monsoons III, American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting: New Orleans, LA, December 11, 2017-December 15, 2017

Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M., Colarco, P. R. (2017). Mechanisms of Saharan Dust Radiative Effects Coupled to Eddy Energy and Wave Activity. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting: New Orleans, LA, December 11, 2017-December 15, 2017

2016
Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M., Colarco, P. R. (2016). A New Look to Impacts of Aerosols on Storm Track Dynamics through Wave Activity. American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting: New Orleans, LA, January 14, 2016

Wilcox, E.M., Hosseinpour, F. E., Gao, L., Thomas, R., Praveen, P. S., Pistone, K., Bender, F. A., Ramanathan, V. (2016). Semi-direct effects of black carbon aerosols on low clouds: Mechanisms for climate cooling. Aerosols and Clouds: Connections from the Laboratory to the Field to the Globe: Telluride Science Research Center, CO, June 27, 2016-July 1, 2016

Wilcox, E.M., Hosseinpour, F. E. (2016). The transport of southern Africa smoke aerosols and transient dynamics of the subtropical circulation Shan, Y. (Ed.) . American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting: San Francisco, CA, December 12, 2016-December 16, 2016

2015
Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M., Colarco, P. R. (2015). Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Interactions with Atmospheric Wave Activity, Paper. 95th AMS Annual Meeting: Phoenix, AZ, January 7, 2015

Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M., Colarco, P. R. (2015). Aerosol-Climate Interactions through Atmospheric Wave Activities. Gordon Conference on Radiation and Climate: Lewiston, ME, July 26, 2015-July 31, 2015

Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M., Colarco, P. R. (2015). A New Look to Interactions of Saharan Dust with Waves in the Tropical Atlantic Storm Track. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting: San Francisco, CA, December 14, 2015-December 18, 2015

2014
Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M. (2014). A Dynamic Perspective on aerosol-vorticity-wave Interactions. Oral presentation at the 94th American Meteorological Society (AMS): Atlanta, GA, February 2, 2014, Best Presentation Award

Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M. (2014). An Energetic Perspective on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Interactions with Atmospheric Wave Activity, Poster. 2014 AGU Fall Meeting: San Francisco, CA, December 15, 2014

Wilcox, E.M., Hosseinpour, F. E., Colarco, P. R. (2014). Signatures of semi-direct radiative forcing by absorbing aerosols in satellite observations and models, Poster. 2014 AGU Fall Meeting: San Francisco, CA, December 15, 2014

2013
Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M. (2013). Large-Scale Interactions of African Smoke and Dust Aerosols with Tropical/Subtropical Atmospheric Circulations and Precipitation. Presentation at the 93rd American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting: Austin, TX, January 5, 2013

Hosseinpour, F. E. (2013). Mechanistic understanding of Aerosol-Climate Interactions: Atmospheric Teleconnection Induced by African Aerosols. Poster presentation at the Gordon Research Conference on Radiation and Climate: London, NH, July 7, 2013

Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M. (2013). Interactions between Oceanic Saharan Air Layer and African Easterly Jet- African Easterly Waves System. Presentation at the AGU Fall Meeting: San Francisco, CA, December 9, 2013

2012
Hosseinpour, F. E., Wilcox, E.M. (2012). Mechanisms of African Aerosol-Climate Interactions and their Forcing on Dynamical Systems. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting: San Francisco, CA, December 3, 2012

Hosseinpour, F. E., Raymond, D. (2012). The Relationships between Atmospheric Rivers and the MJO. 30th conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, American Meteorological Society, April 15, 2012-April 20, 2012