{"id":117674,"date":"2022-02-13T18:58:14","date_gmt":"2022-02-14T02:58:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dri.edu\/?p=117674"},"modified":"2023-12-13T09:41:47","modified_gmt":"2023-12-13T17:41:47","slug":"nsf-funded-study-finds-eolian-dust-systems-in-texas-and-new-mexico-to-be-current-and-future-potent-dust-sources-that-impact-cardio-pulmonary-health","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dri.edu\/nsf-funded-study-finds-eolian-dust-systems-in-texas-and-new-mexico-to-be-current-and-future-potent-dust-sources-that-impact-cardio-pulmonary-health\/","title":{"rendered":"NSF-funded Study Finds Eolian Dust Systems Impact Cardio-Pulmonary Health"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Baylor University paleoclimatologist analyzed gypsum- and quartz-dominated dune systems for possible fine, breathable dust fluxes detrimental to human health<\/i><\/h2>\n

Above: Mark Sweeney and Eric McDonald set up measurements of PI-SWERL at White Sands National Park<\/span>. Credit: Baylor University.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Reportsed from Baylor University: https:\/\/www.baylor.edu\/mediacommunications\/news.php?action=story&story=226267<\/a><\/p>\n

WACO, Texas <\/strong>\u2013 A recent National Science Foundation funded study that included Baylor University paleoclimatologist\u00a0<\/span>Steven L. Forman, Ph.D., professor of geosciences, evaluates current and future dust sources in central North America with consideration for climate change. These fine dust fluxes are detrimental to asthmatic and general cardio-pulmonary health for populations downwind, particularly areas of west Texas and New Mexico that have large areas of significant dust sources with dry and drought conditions in the past decade.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0<\/span>study<\/b><\/a>, published in Geology, seeks to characterize dust emission potential from landforms in two end-member eolian systems, where wind is the primary source of sediment transport: the White Sands dune field in New Mexico and the Monahans dune field in west Texas. The study\u2019s lead author is Mark Sweeney, Ph.D., University of South Dakota. Eric McDonald, Desert Research Institute, joined Sweeney and Forman on the research team.<\/p>\n

The White Sands dune field is composed of gypsum and a hot spot for dust emissions because the dunes and adjacent playa yield high dust fluxes. However, the active Monahans dune field is composed of quartz and produce low dust fluxes. Adjacent to Monahans, stabilized sand sheets and dunes that contain silt and clay could produce high dust fluxes if reactivated by climate change or anthropogenic disturbance.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe chose these sites because the gypsum dunes and playa lake environments should be hot spots for dust emission, and the Monahans composed of mostly pure quartz grains should be a low dust emission system. We were wrong about the Monahans,\u201d Forman said.<\/p>\n

Field- and model-based estimates of dust emissions from dune systems are difficult to characterize. By considering whole eolian systems \u2014 active and stabilized dunes, interdunes, sand sheets and playas \u2014 dust emissions can be more accurately estimated for estimating current and future atmospheric dust loading. Atmospheric dust has impacts on radiative forcing, biogeochemical cycles, extreme climate variability and human health.<\/p>\n

The researchers utilized a Portable In Situ Wind Erosion Laboratory<\/a> (PI-SWERL) to measure the dust emission potential in the field. The PI-SWERL, which was developed by a team from DRI<\/a>, is <\/span> a circular wind-erosion device, measures concentrations of inhalant particulate matter at different friction velocities from soil surfaces.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe PI-SWERL is wind tunnel wrapped into a circle which makes this novel technology portable,\u201d Forman said. \u201cThus, we can quantify the winds speeds and forces necessary to loft small, breathable particle sizes that at certain elevated concentrations induce an asthmatic response and heightened risk of pulmonary mortality and morbidity.\u201d<\/p>\n

The PI-SWERL measurements showed considerable differences in the dust emission potential across both systems. Active dunes, sand sheets and interdunes at White Sands generated similarly high dust fluxes. Comparatively, the playa had the widest range of fluxes with the lowest fluxes on moist or hard surfaces and the highest where loose sand and aggregates were at the surface.<\/p>\n

In contrast, the Monahans active quartz dunes generated low dust fluxes. However, dry crusted interdunes with loose sand at the surface had much higher fluxes. Dust emissions increase exponentially with rising wind friction velocities for both systems, often associated with common winds 10 to 15 mph.<\/p>\n

The results revealed intra- and extra-landform variability in dust fluxes from eolian systems, mostly due to the degree of surface crusting or soil moisture. More dust occurs on surfaces with loose sand or aggregates where saltation bombardment, when wind lifts particles and causes them to hit along the surface with increased velocity, could erode playas or interdunes and aggregates could break apart to create more dust.<\/p>\n

Surprisingly, White Sands showed high magnitudes of dust emission from the abrasion of dune sand and erosion of playa sediments, indicating both landforms are particulate sources during dust storms. The Monahans system produced low dust emissions due to low rates of abrasion in active dunes and vegetative cover, which protects the surface from wind erosion. However, the most common landforms \u2014 sand sheets that surround the dune fields for miles \u2014 are rich sources for fine breathable particles, at the same magnitude as White Sands.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe most surprising results was variability in dust emissivity for White Sands landforms and the very high dust flux from the flat sand sheet area that covers most surfaces in west Texas. There is a hidden dust source in these deposits and soils, which were unrecognized,\u201d Forman said.<\/p>\n

Dust emission assessments are important to current and future climate modeling. Wind-dominated and drought-sensitive systems could see stabilized dunes and sand sheets become reactivated, or adjacent playas may increase emissions. Potential atmospheric dust loading can occur from diverse landforms in active and presently stabilized eolian systems.<\/p>\n

\u201cAtmospheric dust concentrations are important for the global heat-balance and locally can lead to a thermal-blanking effect raising local temperatures. Recent studies associate ozone degradation with elevated dust concentrations high in the atmosphere,\u201d Forman said. \u201cAs our planet warms from increasing greenhouse gases many deserts will expand, and grassland areas like on the Southern High Plains will diminish, revealing a limitless supply of dust that will worsen aridity and is detrimental to human health. Understanding the land surface response to climate warming is critical for future sustainability.\u201d<\/p>\n

###<\/p>\n

About Baylor University<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Baylor University is a private Christian University and a nationally ranked Research 1 institution. The University provides a vibrant campus community for more than 20,000 students by blending interdisciplinary research with an international reputation for educational excellence and a faculty commitment to teaching and scholarship. Chartered in 1845 by the Republic of Texas through the efforts of Baptist pioneers, Baylor is the oldest continually operating University in Texas. Located in Waco, Baylor welcomes students from all 50 states and more than 90 countries to study a broad range of degrees among its 12 nationally recognized academic divisions.<\/em><\/p>\n

About DRI<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The Desert Research Institute (DRI) is a recognized world leader in basic and applied environmental research. Committed to scientific excellence and integrity, DRI faculty, students who work alongside them, and staff have developed scientific knowledge and innovative technologies in research projects around the globe. Since 1959, DRI\u2019s research has advanced scientific knowledge on topics ranging from humans\u2019 impact on the environment to the environment\u2019s impact on humans. DRI\u2019s impactful science and inspiring solutions support Nevada\u2019s diverse economy, provide science-based educational opportunities, and inform policymakers, business leaders, and community members. With campuses in Las Vegas and Reno, DRI serves as the non-profit research arm of the Nevada System of Higher Education. For more information, please visit <\/em>www.dri.edu<\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

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The study, published in Geology, seeks to characterize dust emission potential from landforms in two end-member eolian systems, where wind is the primary source of sediment transport.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41,"featured_media":117678,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"

Photo credit: USDA photo by J. Knowlton<\/a>. Shared under Creative Commons license 2.0<\/a>.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>

Mercury is deposited from the atmosphere into forests worldwide in greater quantities than previously thought, according to new research<\/a> in the journal PNAS led by former Desert Research Institute (DRI) scientist Daniel Obrist (currently with University of Massachusets, Lowell) and a team that included Hans Moosmuller of DRI in Reno. Moosmuller contributed analytical tools for the measurement of mercury fluxes in this study, and also participated in writing the paper. The full news release from UMass Lowell<\/a> is below.<\/strong>

The full study,\u00a0Previously unaccounted atmospheric mercury deposition in a midlatitude deciduous forest, is available from PNAS: https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/118\/29\/e2105477118<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

Study Shows Forests Play Grater Role in Depositing Toxic Mercury Across the Globe<\/h2>

Reposted from UMass Lowell<\/a><\/p>

LOWELL, Mass. \u2013 Researchers led by a UMass Lowell environmental science professor say mercury measurements in a Massachusetts forest indicate the toxic element is deposited in forests across the globe in much greater quantities than previously understood.<\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
The team\u2019s results underscore concern for the health and well-being of people, wildlife and waterways, according to Prof.\u00a0Daniel Obrist<\/a>, as mercury accumulating in forests ultimately runs off into streams and rivers, ending up in lakes and oceans.<\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
Mercury is a highly toxic pollutant that threatens fish, birds, mammals and humans. Hundreds of tons of it are released into the atmosphere each year by coal-burning power plants, as well as through gold mining and other industrial processes, and the pollutant is distributed by winds and currents across the globe. Long-term exposure to mercury, or consuming food containing high levels of the pollutant, can lead to reproductive, immune, neurological and cardiovascular problems, according to Obrist, chair of UMass Lowell\u2019s\u00a0Department of Environmental, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences<\/a>.<\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
Forests constitute the world\u2019s most abundant, productive and widespread ecosystems on land, according to Obrist, who said the study is the first that examines a full picture of how mercury in the atmosphere is deposited at any rural forest in the world, including the deposition of mercury in its gaseous form, which most previous studies do not address.\u00a0<\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
\u201cTrees take up gaseous mercury from the atmosphere through their leaves and as plants shed their leaves or die off, they basically transfer that atmospheric mercury to the ecosystems,\u201d he said.<\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
The results of the project, which is supported by a three-year, $873,000 grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF), were\u00a0published<\/a>\u00a0this week in an issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. UMass Lowell student Eric Roy, a double-major in meteorology and mathematics from Lowell, is among the study\u2019s co-authors.<\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
For the past 16 months, the team has measured how mercury in the atmosphere gets deposited at Harvard Forest in Petersham, a nearly 4,000-acre site that includes hardwood deciduous broadleaf trees such as red oak and red maple that shed their leaves every year. A set of measurement systems placed at various heights on the forest\u2019s 100-foot-tall research tower assessed the site\u2019s gaseous mercury deposition from the tree canopy to the forest floor.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
\u201cSeventy-six percent of the mercury deposition at this forest comes from gaseous atmospheric mercury. It\u2019s five times greater than mercury deposited by rain and snow and three times greater than mercury that gets deposited through litterfall, which is mercury transferred by leaves falling to the ground and which has previously been used by other researchers as a proxy for estimating gaseous mercury deposition in forests,\u201d Obrist said.<\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
\u201cOur study suggests that mercury loading in forests has been underestimated by a factor of about two and that forests worldwide may be a much larger global absorber and collector of gaseous mercury than currently assumed. This larger-than-anticipated accumulation may explain surprisingly high mercury levels observed in soils across rural forests,\u201d he said.<\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
Plants seem to dominate as a source of mercury on land, accounting for 54 to 94 percent of the deposits in soils across North America. The total global amount of mercury deposited to land currently is estimated at about 1,500 to 1,800 metric tons per year, but it may be more than double if other forests show similar levels of deposition, according to Obrist.<\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
The researchers are continuing their work at a second forest in Howland in northern Maine. Howland Forest, a nearly 600-acre research site full of evergreens that retain their leaves year-round, offers a distinctly different habitat than the deciduous forest in Petersham. Assessing both forests will allow researchers to examine differences in mercury accumulation between different forest types, Obrist said.<\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
The work is providing a hands-on research experience for Roy, a UMass Lowell Honors College student who was invited to become a member of the university\u2019s Immersive Scholar program in 2019. The initiative enables first-year students with outstanding academic credentials to participate in lab work and research right from the start of their academic studies.<\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
\u201cIt\u2019s really exciting to be a co-author,\u201d Roy said. \u201cThis study allowed us to quantify how much mercury is being accumulated in this type of forest. Modelers can use these results to improve their understanding of how mercury cycles through the environment on a global scale and how that might change in the future.\u201d<\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
Roy helped analyze the data collected in the field.<\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
\u201cEric\u2019s contributions to the study are tremendous. It\u2019s not very common for an undergrad to play such an important role in a major, federally funded research project,\u201d Obrist said. \u201cHis work is really impressive and he has become more and more active in data analysis and doing complex flux calculations and data processing. He really earned himself second author position in the paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u201d<\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
Other contributors to the study include Asst. Prof. R\u00f3is\u00edn Commane of Columbia University; students and postdoctoral researchers from UMass Lowell and Columbia University; and collaborators from Harvard University; the Desert Research Institute in Reno, Nevada; and the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources and the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Lanzhou. Additional research support was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy.<\/div>
\u00a0<\/div>
###<\/div>
UMass Lowell is a national research university offering its more than 18,000 students bachelor\u2019s, master\u2019s and doctoral degrees in business, education, engineering, fine arts, health, humanities, sciences and social sciences. UMass Lowell delivers high-quality educational programs and personal attention from leading faculty and staff, all of which prepare graduates to be leaders in their communities and around the globe.\u00a0www.uml.edu<\/a><\/em><\/div>","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[68,69],"tags":[24,4824,4833,4832,4834,4835,135,92,4831],"class_list":["post-117674","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news-releases","category-research-findings","tag-dees","tag-earth-and-ecosystem-sciences","tag-mcdonald","tag-new-mexico","tag-pi-swerl","tag-portable-in-situ-wind-erosion-laboratory","tag-public-health-environment","tag-reno","tag-texas"],"yoast_head":"\nNSF-funded Study Finds Eolian Dust Systems Impact Cardio-Pulmonary Health - DRI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The study, published in Geology, seeks to characterize dust emission potential from landforms in two end-member eolian systems, where wind is the 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